2022年11月7日 星期一

英閱時事202211

 


Don't Throw Away The Halloween Pumpkins — Recycle Them!

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Fall is pumpkin season in the Northern Hemisphere (Credit: Rodney Campbell/ CC BY 2.0/ commons.wikimedia.org

Every fall, families across the Northern Hemisphere rush to pumpkin patches in search of the perfect gourds. Some use them to carve out scary jack-o'-lanterns. Others place the fruits outside their homes as decor. But the fascination with pumpkins ends after Halloween, and most end up in the trash.

London-based non-profit Hubbub estimates that in Britain, about 22 million of 39.9 million pumpkins bought this Halloween will go to waste. In the US, about two billion pounds of pumpkins end up in landfills annually. In addition to the massive amount of food waste generated, the rotting fruit also emits large amounts of methane. The greenhouse gas is about 25 percent stronger than carbon dioxide. It is a big contributor to climate change.

Pumpkin waste is easy to eliminate (Credit: Hubbub.UK.org)

The scary truth about pumpkins

Each year millions of Halloween pumpkins are bought for decorating

39.9 million to be exact!

Yet many pumpkins will be carved, and not cooked-

Only 1 in 9 always cook their pumpkin

22 million pumpkins will go to waste this year

That's around £32 million worth of edible food!

But there's gourd news...

3 in 5 know you can eat your carving pumpkin.

Pumpkins are cheap, nutritious and delicious and can be cooked in a variety of ways.

Stalk 

Don't eat this!

Skin

Edible in small varieties like gem squash.


Seeds

Delicious when roasted.

Flesh

Smaller pumpkins are great for pies and breads. Larger pumpkins for soups and curries.

Guts

Makes a great base for broth and mulled wine.

#Eat Your Pumpkin



Fortunately, this pollution problem has an easy fix. If you used the fruits for decor, extract the edible portions. Roasted pumpkin seeds make a nutritious snack. The flesh can be used to create a delicious soup, a tasty puree, or a lip-smacking pie.

Drop off your sagging jack-o'-lanterns or hollowed-out pumpkins at a local compost collection center. Better still, seek out an organized pumpkin-smashing event and have fun tossing yours on the ground. The remains will be collected and composted once the event is over.

You can also fill pumpkin shells with grains and leave them in the yard or hanging from a tree. The birds, squirrels, and other garden critters will thank you for the treat. If your pumpkin is too far gone to salvage, bury the gourd in your backyard. It will naturally decompose while enriching the soil.

Resources: healtheplanet.com, Hubbub.com, Yahoo.com

https://youtu.be/_PrVnTKQuxQ





It's Time To "Fall Back!" Daylight Saving Time Ends On November 6th

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Daylight Saving Time ends on November 6, 2022 (Credit: Jernej Furman/ CC-BY-SA-2.0/ Flickr)

On November 6, 2022, most North Americans will mark the end of Daylight Saving Time (DST) by moving the clocks back an hour. The simple action will help shift daylight back into the morning during the shorter winter days. It will also add an extra 60 minutes to the weekend!

The German Empire was the first to manipulate the clocks in 1916. The army wanted to conserve the fuel needed to produce weapons and bombs for World War I. The US and Britain adopted the practice shortly after. All the countries reverted to Standard Time once the war ended, only to reinstate DST again during World War II. US officials repealed DST nationally when the war ended in 1945. But states and districts were allowed to continue the tradition and even select their own start and stop DST dates.

The German Empire started the clock manipulation tradition during World War I (Credit: Library of Congress/ Public Domain)

This resulted in what Time Magazine called a "chaos of clocks." By 1965, Iowa had 23 different pairs of DST start and end dates. St. Paul, Minnesota, began daylight saving two weeks earlier than its twin city Minneapolis, Minnesota, just nine miles away. Meanwhile, passengers on a 35-mile bus ride from Steubenville, Ohio, to Moundsville, West Virginia, passed through seven time changes!

The Uniform Time Act of 1966 ended the confusion by setting the same "spring forward" and "fall back" dates for the entire nation. But the law was not compulsory. Hawaii, most of Arizona, and the US territories — Puerto Rico, Guam, the Northern Mariana Islands, and the US Virgin Islands — did not adopt DST.

The DST dates were initially set for the last Sundays in April and October. However, in 1986, US president Ronald Reagan changed the DST start date to the first Sunday in April. The Energy Policy Act of 2005 moved up the DST start date further to the second Sunday in March. It also extended out the "fall back" date to the first Sunday in November.

DST is practiced in many countries around the world (Credit: Statista / CC-BY-SA-2.0)

The clock manipulation is not very popular. Many people believe the disruption in sleep patterns caused by the time change harms the elderly or those with serious illnesses. Studies have found a slight increase in heart attacks on the "spring forward" Sunday when we "lose" an hour. The time change is also believed to cause more driving and workplace accidents.

In 2019, the European Union voted to permanently remove the age-old custom of changing clocks. But the law has yet to be implemented. In March 2022, the US Senate passed the Sunshine Protection Act to make DST permanent. The bill is currently being debated by the House of Representatives. If passed, the last clock change in the US will occur with a "spring forward" in March 2023.

Happy "Fall Back!"

Resources: Wikipedia.org, History.com, Nationalgeographic.com





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Flying Cars May Finally Become A Reality!

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The Xpeng X2 recently completed its first public test flight in Dubai (Credit: Xpeng)

If Chinese automobile company Xpeng AeroHT has its way, we may soon be commuting on flying cars. The electric car manufacturer recently unveiled two radical flying vehicle models.

On October 10, 2022, the Xpeng X2 successfully completed its first public test flight in Dubai. The unmanned two-seater lifted off from Skydive Dubai on the opening day of the Gitex Global Technology Expo. X2's inaugural flight lasted just 90 seconds. It was witnessed by 150 conference attendees and officials.




The "teardrop-shaped" X2 is fitted with an electric engine and produces no carbon emissions. It is programmed to fly autonomously and can go up to 80 miles per hour (129km/h). X2's eight propellers — two at each corner of the vehicle — allow for vertical take-off and landing.

The X3 is a roadworthy flying car (Credit: Xpeng)

Shortly after X2's public debut, Xpeng AeroHT introduced a second flying car prototype. The Xpeng X3, unveiled in a video on October 24, 2022, is essentially a sports car with "wings." The company asserts that the X3 drives like a regular car in "ground mode." When the owner needs to fly, all they have to do is shift to "flight mode." The X3 will take off vertically. Once in the air, the "aircraft" can be piloted using the steering wheel and a right-hand gear lever.

Xpeng AeroHT is not the only car company developing flying cars. Over 500 companies are working on the endeavor. Even better, about two dozen models are currently in testing phases! At this rate, the future of flying vehicles certainly looks promising.

Resources: Businessinsider.com, CNN.com, Foxbusiness.com














Your Favorite Thanksgiving Traditions, Explained

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Thanksgiving is celebrated annually on the fourth Thursday of November (Credit: Publicdomainpictures.net)

On Thursday, November 24, 2022, Americans will celebrate Thanksgiving. The annual tradition is credited to an autumn harvest feast shared by the early European settlers and the Native Americans in 1621. The holiday centers around delicious food and has many fun traditions. Here is a brief history of how some of the customs began.

Why a Thursday in November?

Thanksgiving is celebrated annually on the fourth Thursday of November. The month was chosen because that is when the first feast is believed to have been held. November also falls right after traditional harvest time. But there is no real reason for the holiday to be celebrated on a Thursday. The day seems to have stuck since President Lincoln first made Thanksgiving a holiday in 1863.

Turkey

The inaugural feast is believed to have featured geese. However, present-day Thanksgiving dinners center around turkey. Some experts believe the birds were selected because they were cheaper than geese or chickens. They were also easier to raise.

Turkey is the centerpiece of most Thanksgiving meals (Credit: Freepik/ CC-BY-SA-2.0)

Others credit the bird's inclusion to Sarah Josepha Hale. The well-known writer suggested it in her petitions to convince US officials to make Thanksgiving an official holiday. Since President Abraham Lincoln loved roasted turkey, he was happy to add the bird to his Thanksgiving menu.

Turkey Trots

Many Americans wake up early on Thanksgiving morning to participate in fun runs known as "turkey trots." The inaugural race, started by six friends in Buffalo, New York, in 1896, is now in its 127th year. It is North America's oldest consecutive footrace. The 8-kilometer (4.97-mile) race doubles as a fundraiser and attracts over 14,000 runners annually.

Macy's Thanksgiving Parade

The Macy's parade features massive floats (Credit: Wally Gobetz/ CC-BY-SA-2.0/ Flickr)

Macy's first parade was held on Thanksgiving morning in 1924. It was meant to be a one-time event to showcase the opening of the company's new store in New York City. But the parade was so popular that the retailer made it an annual occasion. The beloved tradition now attracts over 3.5 million people in person and over 50 million television viewers worldwide.

Football

Football games are very popular on Thanksgiving (Credit: All-Pro Reels from District of Columbia, USA/ CC BY-SA 2.0/ Wikimedia Commons)

Thanksgiving football games were started by the American Intercollegiate Football Association (IFA) in 1876. The organization was trying to increase the popularity of the still-nascent sport. In 1934, the National Football League's (NFL) Detroit Lions took over the tradition to attract more local fans to live games. Their first match against the Chicago Bears was sold out two weeks before the event. Since then, the team has played almost every Thanksgiving! The Dallas Cowboys joined the tradition in 1966. The two games have become a popular holiday ritual since.

HappThanksgiving!

Resources: History.com, Wikipedia.org, Businessinsider.com










World's Tallest Woman Takes Her First Ever Flight

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Rumeysa Gelgi is the "world's tallest living woman" (Credit: Rumeysa Gelgi/ Instagram)

Rumeysa Gelgi has held the record for the "world's tallest living woman" since 2021. The 25-year-old, who stands just over seven feet tall, frequently travels to share her story. But never on an airplane! She is too tall to fit in a standard airplane seat! Gelgi also suffers from a spinal condition and cannot sit for long periods of time. But thanks to Turkish Airlines, she has finally experienced the magic of soaring high above the clouds.

The historic 13-hour journey from Istanbul, Turkey, to San Francisco, California, occurred in September 2022. Turkish Airlines removed six economy seats to fit Gelgi's custom stretcher. In the photos posted on Instagram, Gelgi is seen chatting with the airline staff and enjoying a delicious chocolate cake.

"This was my first plane ride," she said. "But it certainly won't be my last."

Turkish Airlines had to remove six economy seats to fit Gelgi's stretcher (Credit: Rumeysa Gelgi/Instagram)

The Turkish resident's first brush with fame came in 2014 when she was named the "world's tallest living teenager." Gelgi broke the record for the "world's tallest living woman" in October 2021. She collected three more records in February 2022. They include the "largest hands on a female person," the "longest finger on a female person," and the "longest back on a female person."

Gelgi's remarkable physique is caused by a rare genetic disorder called Weaver syndrome. People with the condition are usually very tall and have unique facial features. Other symptoms include limited mobility of the joints (such as elbows and ankles). They are also prone to falling. Due to her condition, Gelgi primarily relies on a wheelchair to get around.

Gelgi received VIP treatment on the plane (Credit: Rumeysa Gelgi/ Instagram)

Gelgi often receives hurtful comments about her unusual appearance. But the 24-year-old has learned to be proud of her differences. She says, "Every disadvantage can be turned into an advantage for yourself so accept yourself for who you are, be aware of your potential and do your best."

Resources: CNN.com, Guinness World Records, Traveller.com.au, Newsweek.com









Norway Will Be Home To The World's First Energy Positive Hotel

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The Svart Hotel will be the world's first energy-positive hotel (Credit: Snøhetta Plompmozes Miris)

Norway is a global leader in sustainability. The Nordic country's approximately 5.4 million residents do everything possible to reduce their environmental impact. Hence, it should come as no surprise that it was the venue of choice for the world's first energy-positive hotel.

The Svart Hotel is scheduled to open in 2024. It is being built at the base of the Svartisen glacier just above the Arctic Circle. The structure will sit on stilt-like poles high above the pristine waters of the Holandsfjorden fjord. This will ensure minimal land impact and seabed disruption. The energy-efficient luxury resort expects to harvest enough solar power to fulfill the hotel's daily needs. It will also provide the energy needed to construct the building.

The hotel will be built on stilts to preserve the environment (Credit: Six Senses Hotels & Resorts)

The hotel's ring-like shape will ensure guests stunning views of the nearby glacier. It will also bring them closer to nature. Winter visitors will be treated to the beautiful "Northern Lights."

The hotel's interior will be housed with furnishings made using eco-friendly, organic materials. Its four restaurants will serve locally-inspired menus. Many items will use produce from the farm onsite. The drinking water will be filtered and bottled on the premises. The hotel will also have its own waste recycling and water management capability.

Winter guests will be able to see the Northern Lights (Credit: Six Senses Hotels & Resorts)

Ivaylo Lefterov, the project's manager, says, "The vision for Svart is so much bigger than the project itself; we are trying to use it as a showcase of what can be achieved in terms of sustainability and energy solutions."

Resources: the reviewmag.com, reuters.com, hoteldesigns.net

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2022年11月6日 星期日

英閱時事202210

 
















2,560-Pound Pumpkin Sets New American Record At Half Moon Bay Competition

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Travis Gienger won the 2022 pumpkin weigh-off contest in Half Moon Bay, CA (Credit: Miramar Events)

October is pumpkin season in America. For most people, this means eating delicious pumpkin-filled treats or visiting pumpkin patches to pick out the perfect fruit for Halloween. But for pumpkin farmers, it is a chance to showcase their giant produce at pumpkin weigh-offs. Though various such contests are held countrywide, the "Super Bowl" of pumpkin weigh-offs takes place in Half Moon Bay, CA.

The competition, which marked its 49th year on October 10, 2022, has always been popular with master pumpkin growers. However, it has become even more so since the top prize was increased to $30,000 in 2015. To claim the "World Record Prize," contestants must submit a "World Record Pumpkin." This year, that meant a gourd heavier than the massive 2,703-pound pumpkin that set a new world record in Italy in late September 2021. If the heaviest pumpkin weighs less, the owner receives $9 per pound.

Gienger's pumpkin set a new American record (Credit: Miramar Events)

This year's winner, a 2,560-pound gourd — nicknamed "Maverick" — was submitted by Travis Gienger from Anoka, MN. Though not a world record contender, it did outweigh the American record holder — a 2,554-pound squash — by six pounds!

The horticulture teacher from Anoka, MN, planted the fruit in April and spent almost six months carefully nurturing its growth. Gienger's daily care routine included fertilizing the soil, checking for roots, and watering the pumpkin. He covered the fruit in plastic during heavy rain and provided shade on hot days. Gienger's efforts were rewarded with a cash prize of $23,040 ($9 a pound)!

Gienger"s "Tiger King" jack-o-lantern is a Guinness World Record holder (Credit: Guinness World Records)

The competition's runner-up, Steve Daletas, took home $3,000 with his 2,425-pound entry, while third-place winner Ruben Frias received $2,500 for his 2,118-pound gourd. Other titles included the largest Coastside pumpkin, largest California pumpkin, and most beautiful pumpkin. The winners of each title won $1,000.

This is not Gienger's first time entering — and winning — the competition. In 2020, his 2,350-pound pumpkin also took first place. The 42-year-old then carved this pumpkin — nicknamed "Tiger King" — to earn the Guinness World Record for the largest jack-o-lantern by circumference. Gienger now plans to carve "Maverick" and break his own record.

Resources: miramarevents.com, USAtoday.com, Npr.com







Columbus Day Or Indigenous Peoples' Day? The Debate Continues

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Columbus Day has been a controversial holiday since it was established (Credit: Democracyandme.org/CC-BY-SA-2.0)

Columbus Day, which honors the Italian explorer's October 12, 1492, arrival to the Americas, has been a US federal holiday since 1971. However, the holiday, marked annually on the second Monday of October (October 10th this year), has always been controversial. Many believe that the European settlers' mistreatment of the Native American people is not a cause for celebration.

Historians also argue that Christopher Columbus did not "discover" the continent. The indigenous people had been living in the Americas long before his arrival. He was also not the first European to set foot in North America. A Norse explorer by the name of Leif Erikson set up the first European settlement in Greenland in AD 980 — nearly 500 years before Columbus's arrival.

Some US states, like Oregon, Iowa, and Nebraska, have never recognized Columbus Day. Hawaii renamed it "Discoverers' Day" — in honor of the state's Polynesian founders — in 1971, while South Dakota changed it to "Native American Day" in 1990. As public awareness of the controversy increased, many US schools and universities stopped observing the holiday.

Columbus Day is being replaced by Indigenous Peoples' Day in some US states (Credit: Pew Research/CC-BY-SA-2.0)

In 1977, a delegation of Native nations — at the International NGO Conference on Discrimination Against Indigenous Populations in the Americas — proposed renaming the holiday to "Indigenous Peoples' Day." They believed the change would help honor the victims of American colonization. The resolution passed with an overwhelming majority.

Berkeley, CA, was the first city to make the change in 1992. Santa Cruz, CA, followed shortly after in 1994. The idea really began to gain momentum after 2014. That year, Minneapolis, MN, Grand Rapids, MN, and Seattle, WA, renamed Columbus Day "Indigenous Peoples' Day." Since then, over 100 cities and entire states, including Alaska and Oregon, have adopted Indigenous Peoples' Day.

Indigenous Peoples'' Day celebration in Berkeley, CA (Credit: Quinn Dombrowski/ CC BY-SA 2.0/ Wikimedia Commons)

In 2020, Colorado replaced Columbus Day with Cabrini Day in honor of Frances Xavier Cabrini. The Italian-American Roman Catholic nun helped establish over 67 schools, hospitals, and orphanages, in the United States and South and Central America. In 2021, President Joe Biden became the first sitting US president to issue a presidential proclamation marking Indigenous Peoples' Day. It encouraged Americans to celebrate the holiday on the second Monday in October, along with Columbus Day.

But not everyone thinks a name change is necessary. For Italian Americans, Columbus Day is the centerpiece of Italian Heritage Month, celebrated every October. They argue that the holiday honors the history of immigration, not the explorer. Therefore, they believe the name should be retained or changed to something more appropriate, like Italian Heritage Day.

Resources: History.com, Wikipedia.org, CNN.com, Interchange.com









Fossils Of Terrifying Monster Sea Lizard Found in Morocco

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Artist's representation of Thalassotitan atrox (Credit: Andrey Atuchin/ Bath University)

Researchers from the University of Bath in the United Kingdom have uncovered the fossil of a new mosasaur species that ruled the seas during the Cretaceous period. The ferocious marine lizard was an apex predator that thrived in the waters of Morocco at the same time T. rex was on land. The scientist named the creature Thalassotitan atrox (T. atrox) from the Greek words "Thalassa" and "titan," meaning "sea giant." The species name atrox translates to "cruel" or "merciless."

"Thalassotitan was an amazing, terrifying animal," said study leader Dr. Nick Longrich. "Imagine a Komodo dragon crossed with a great white shark crossed with a T. rex crossed with a killer whale."

Dr. Nick Longrich poses next to the massive T. atrox fossil (Credit: Dr. Nick Longrich/ Bath University)

Mosasaurs comprised diverse group of giant lizards that inhabited much of the Atlantic Ocean from 135 million to 66 million years ago. The scaly-skinned reptiles grew up to 40 feet in length and used their paddle-like flippers and tail fin to glide through the water. Mosasaurs went extinct at the same time as the dinosaurs after a giant asteroid struck Earth 66 million years ago. Fortunately, their modern-day relatives — snakes, iguanas, and monitor lizards — did not evolve to be as large.

The remains of the T. atrox were unearthed in an area of Morocco that was underwater during the late Cretaceous period. The carnivorous reptile had an enormous 5-foot-long skull and measured almost 30 feet long. Unlike other mosasaur species, which had long snouts and thin teeth suitable for eating small fish, the T. atrox sported a stout muzzle and gigantic, orca-like teeth. This allowed the lizard to easily devour giant marine reptiles, like sea turtles, plesiosaurs, and even other mosasaurs. The researchers suspect the creature's chipped and broken teeth may have been damaged as it violently attacked its prey and chewed on their bones.

Size comparison of the T.atrox (Credit: Dr. Nick Longrich/Bath University)

This is not the first time a mosasaur fossil has been found in Morocco, and it likely will not be the last. The scientists, who published their findings in the journal Cretaceous Research on August 24, 2022, believe the North African country was once home to about 30 different mosasaur species.

While T. atrox is one of the largest mosasaur species, it is not the biggest. Mosasaurus hoffmanni, a different mosasaur species found in Russia in 2014, was estimated to be about 56 feet long.

Resources: Livescience.com, Phys.org, CNN.com












Meet Fenrir, The World's Tallest Living Domestic Cat

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Fenrir Powers is the world's tallest living domestic cat (Credit: Guinness World Records)

A gentle giant in Farmington Hills, Michigan, has set a Guinness World Record as the world's tallest living domestic cat. Fenrir Powers measured an impressive 18.83 inches on January 29, 2021. The two-year-old Savannah cat's achievement was revealed in the Guinness World Records 2023 edition, released on September 13, 2022.

Savannah cats are a cross between domestic cats and large-eared wild African cats. Measuring between 14 and 17 inches tall, they are the tallest and one of the largest cat breeds. But, Fenrir, who stands a full inch taller, is exceptionally tall even for his breed. "He just grew and grew like Clifford the Big Red Dog," Fenrir's owner, Dr. Will Powers, said in a video about the cat.

Fenrir and his owner Dr. Will Powers (Credit: Guinness World Records)

Dr. Powers adopted Fenrir when he was just 12 weeks old. The proud owner says the intelligent cat uses his height to his advantage. "When we were trying to take some pictures of him, we had to shut some of the other cats out of the room, and Fenrir decided he didn't want to be in the room anymore," he recalled. "So he stood on his hind legs and opened the door."

When not breaking records, Fenrir spends his time helping anxious patients at the clinic. Powers said, "He wanders around the office receiving pats from people, snoozing on exam room tables, and begging for treats."

Altair Powers holds the world record for the longest tail on a living domestic cat (Credit: Guinness World Records)

Fenrir is not the only celebrity in the Powers household. The physician's other famous cats include Altair Powers and Cygnus Powers — the current and previous Guinness World Record holders for the longest tail on a living domestic cat. Fenrir's late brother Arcturus Powers, who holds the Guinness World Record for the tallest domestic cat ever, was also a family pet. Unfortunately, Cygnus and Arcturus died in a house fire in 2017.

Resources: Guinnessworldrecords.com, USAtoday.com, Cbsnews.com










Robotic Sleeves Could Help Children With Cerebral Palsy

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The main types of cerebral palsy (Credit: cerebralpalsyscotland.org.uk)

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common motor disability in children. The condition, which affects about 1 in 345 children, can make daily activities like walking, eating, or even lifting a cup difficult. A team of researchers from the University of California, Riverside (UCR) hopes to alleviate the daily struggles with robotic clothing that will allow kids with cerebral palsy to better control their arm movements.

Wearable robotic units, like exoskeletons, to help people with mobility issues have been around for many years. However, they are rigid and uncomfortable to wear. The UCR team plans to use lightweight materials to create a robotic sleeve that is cheap, durable, and, most importantly, comfortable to wear on a daily basis.

"Hard materials don't interact well with humans," said Jonathan Realmuto, UCR assistant professor of mechanical engineering and project lead. "What we're going for by using materials like nylon and elastic are essentially robotic garments."

A concept illustration of the UCR robotic sleeve (Credit: Jonathan Realmuto/ UCR)

The scientists envision the robotic sleeves to have sealed areas that can be inflated. When filled with air, they would become temporarily rigid and provide the force needed for movement. The clothing will be fitted with sensors to detect small muscle contractions and anticipate what the wearer wants to do. The inflated bladders will then help move the arm to complete the intended action.

"If we can help kids brush their own teeth, pour water or open doors, actions that others take for granted, it's a huge win for them," Realmuto stated in a press release. "But it's also a huge win for their families and caretakers."

The UCR engineers are not the only ones working on soft robotic clothing to help those with motor disabilities. San Francisco-based startup CIONIC is on a similar mission. The company's first product, the CIONIC Neural Sleeve, is designed to improve mobility for people with conditions like cerebral palsymultiple sclerosis, and stroke. Jeremiah Robison, the founder of CIONIC, was inspired to develop the product after seeing his daughter struggle with cerebral palsy.

Resources: eandt.theiet.org, engadget.com.













The Origins Of Some Beloved Halloween Traditions

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Halloween is celebrated annually on October 31st (Credit: Alexas Fotos/ CC0/ Wikimedia Commons)

Few countries celebrate Halloween as enthusiastically as the United States (US). Children and adults spend months — and millions of dollars — looking for the perfect costume. Many families decorate homes and front yards with spooky skeletons and jack-o-lanterns. How did all these fun customs begin? Read on.

Trick-Or-Treating

Kids trick-or-treating on Halloween (Credit: Gov.Tom Wolf/ CC-BY-SA-2.0/ Flickr)

Halloween's most cherished tradition — trick-or-treating — is credited to the Roman All Souls' Day holiday. On this day, poor people would visit the wealthy and offer a prayer for their dead. They would receive a spiced treat called "soul cake" in return. The tradition changed in Ireland and Scotland when kids in costumes began getting treats for singing or performing a skitImmigrants from the two countries brought the fun custom to the US in the early 19th century. The rest, as they say, is history!

Why Candy?

Most people hand out candy during Halloween. But in the mid-20th century, kids also received fruits, nuts, coins, and even small toys. In the 1950s, candy companies introduced small individually-wrapped chocolates during Halloween. While that helped increase sales, candy really took off in the 1970s after parents became fearful of their children accepting unwrapped treats.

Most popular candy by state (Credit: candystore.com)

Today, over 600 million pounds of candy are sold in the US on Halloween! That is an average of 24 pounds per American. In 2022, US consumers will spend about $3.1 billion on the treats! While each state has its favorites, the nationwide winner is Reese's Cups. Skittles and M&M's round up the top three.

Jack-O-Lanterns

Jack-o-lanterns are popular during Halloween (Credit: Anthony92931/ CC BY-SA 3.0/ creativecommons.org)

No Halloween is complete without a spooky or friendly pumpkin jack-o-lantern. The fun custom can be credited to the Irish. They initially used turnips or beets for their ghoulish creations. However, after coming to America, the immigrants switched to pumpkins. The readily-available fall fruits were much easier to carve.

Black and Orange Decor

Halloween decor is usually orange and black (Credit: Publicdomainpictures.net /CCO)

Black and orange are the colors of choice during Halloween. The custom can be traced back to the 2000-year-old Celtic festival Samhain. Observed every November 1st in what is now modern-day Ireland, it marked the end of the harvest season and the start of winter. Orange represented the autumn harvest season, while black illustrated the "death" of summer.

HappHalloween!

Resources: history.com, candystore.com, wikipedia.org









Sun Flashes A Goofy "Smile" For Halloween

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NASA recently captured an image of the Sun "Smiling" (Credit: NASA.gov)

The Sun is getting excited about Halloween as well! On October 26, 2022, NASA's Solar Dynamic Observatory (SDO) caught the fiery star sporting a cheerful "smile." However, don't be fooled by the friendly "jack-o'-lantern" look. It could trigger a mild solar storm on Earth on October 29, 2022.

The three dark patches that form the "eyes" and "mouth" are coronal holes. The open structures allow solar winds to escape into space at speeds of up to 1.8 million mph (2.9 million kph). They appear dark because they are cooler and less dense than the rest of the Sun's surface.





Earth will be on the receiving end of the strong solar wind streams this time. Our atmosphere blocks the fierce bursts of radiation. Hence, they cause no harm to humans or animals on the ground. But the energy from the solar winds could disrupt our satellite systems and power grids. Fortunately, the impact is expected to be minimal.

Also, any minor inconvenience will be well worth it. When the Sun's electrically-charged particles collide with the Earth's atmosphere, they will spark beautiful light shows called auroras. The phenomenon is usually observed closer to the North and South Poles. That's because the Earth's magnetic field attracts the particles toward them.

HappHalloween!

Resources: NASA.gov, Space.com, Weather.com






Citroën Unveils Concept Car Made of Cardboard And Other Sustainable Materials

BY 

Oli's chassis is made using honeycomb-structured plastic (Credit: Citroën)

Electric cars are a great way to reduce our carbon footprint. But French car maker Citroën believes more can be done to make vehicles sustainable. On September 29, 2022, the company unveiled Oli, a concept electric car that can be "reused or recycled throughout ownership."

The car's most notable difference is the use of cardboard for the roof, hood, and bed panels. The company asserts that the honeycomb-shaped cardboard, inserted between fiberglass panels, is stronger than steel. Oli's other "green" features include lightweight seats that use 80 percent less material than traditional car seats. Its windshield and windows are designed to repel the sun's rays. This reduces the need for air-conditioning. The doors, windows, bumper, and tires are made with recycled or natural materials. The car's top speed is restricted to 68 mph (109 kmh) to increase efficiency.

Oli's interior is minimalist and uses largely recycled materials (Credit: Citroën)

Oli weighs just under 1 ton (1,000 kg). This is about a third of the weight of an average compact car! Thanks to its lightweight setup, its 40 kWh battery can last up to 248 miles (399 km) between charges. It takes just 23 minutes to charge the battery from 20 percent to 80 percent.

Oli is just a concept vehicle and will likely never be made. But it is an important reminder that automakers can and must do more for the environment. "It's more than just a concept car like you're used to seeing," Citroën's Anne Laliron told Reuters. "It's almost an expression of new lifestyles."

Resources: Citroën.co.uk, Inverse.com, cnbc.com






















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